UNDERSTAND 5 [FIVE] VALUE OF LIFE TO LEAD YOU LIFE WELL.

There are so many but today you have to learn only five main value of life

Economic approaches to valuation

The value of a statistical life is most commonly determined by looking at a person's willingness to pay or willingness to accept. Willingness to pay can be found by asking a person how much they would be willing to pay for good health outcomes (or to reduce bad health outcomes). It can also be determined by looking at a person's purchasing choices. An example would be looking at how much more a person would be willing to pay for airbags in his/her car. To determine willingness to pay one would look at the change in the price that occurs because of the added airbags and divide that by the change in the risk of death. Willingness to accept is determined by looking at how much more you would have to pay someone to put them in a position where they are more likely to have bad health outcomes. This could be seen by changing a person's location from a less polluted city to a more polluted city and looking at the difference in wages between the two areas.

An Alternative Model

is better to die when you trying.

An opposing view to the "willingness to pay" model follows. For all practical purposes, a "willingness to pay" model assumes that each individual is able to pay in cash or trade the pledged monetary value of what they are willing to pay for the life in question. However, a "willingness to pay" model is not useful in estimating the cost of a human life for minors, terminally sick people, incarcerated people, and more importantly in the event of a terrorist or environmental hazard. This is because the "willingness to pay" model accepts a subjective appraisal of a human life made by the person who was given a hypothetical situation which implies that they have a greater amount of financial resources than they do in actuality, because the calculation is not based on their actual ability to pay at the moment, but what they think they would pay and some normalization and averaging of their spending habits over a period of time.
Additionally, this method is not applicable when estimating anyone under 18, because clearly they do not meet the criteria required by the "willingness to pay" model.

A practical example of a baseline model

remember time is very importance to you dont waste a time

This example monetizes the life of an 18 year old individual which for the purposes of this exercise shall be referred to as a Consumer Unit (CU). Assumptions and known data:

1. Family Income
2. Family Size
3. Limited educational background data

The CU is an 18 year old non college bound individual who was produced in a two income household without siblings. The combined family income over the lifetime of the CU is inflation and tax bracket adjusted. The income is divided by the total number of family members (3) which yields the CU’s estimated Monetary Value. Future value is not considered since this method assigns a zero value if the CU is damaged or destroyed.

Uses

how do you use you income.

Since resources are finite, tradeoffs are inevitable, even regarding potential life-or-death decisions. The assignment of a value to individual life is one possible approach to attempting to make rational decisions about these tradeoffs.
When deciding on the appropriate level of healthcare spending, a typical method is to equate the marginal cost of the healthcare to the marginal benefits received. In order to obtain a marginal benefit amount, some estimation of the dollar value of life is required.
In risk management activities such as in the areas of workplace safety, and insurance, it is often useful to put a precise economic value on a given life. There can be no such thing as a perfectly safe or risk free system—one can always make a system safer by spending more money. However, there are diminishing returns involved.
In transportation modes it is very important to consider the external cost that is paid by the society but is not calculated, for making it more sustainable.

Criticisms

There are also intergenerational aspects to the value of life. Some economists calculate social discount rates based on the interest rates prevalent in financial markets. The higher the social discount rate, the more future generations are devalued relative to the current generation.
The anti-globalization movement objects to the obvious disparity between the value assigned to life in developed nations versus developing nations—most particularly as reflected in World Bank, WTO, and IMF decisions. They point to such numbers as the IPCC assumption that a developed nation can pay fifteen times more than a developing nation to avert a death due to climate change, as evidence of systematic neglect of the value of statistical life in the poorer South, as opposed to the more developed North. Some also fear that more standard global value of life mechanisms could have consequences for the working people in the developed nations.

you dont live with bad luck try

A few also debate as to whether animal life deserves to have a value assigned to it, such as in the field of biodiversity. A moral argument associated with this is the Great Ape personhood debate, which has become especially poignant since the recent advocacy by some scientists to move the two chimpanzee species into the genus Homo (previously it was considered a hominid).

FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION [TOHARA] NA MADHARA YAKE KWA WANAWAKE

WATOTO WAKIKE WAKIFANYIWA UKEKETAJI KWA WAKATI MMOJA JAMBO AMBALO HUHATARISHA MAISHA YAO..

Tohara 
ni upasuaji mdogo wa kukata na kuondoa govi, yaani ngozi inayofunika kichwa cha uume.

MTOTO ALIEKOSA RAHA NA KUATHIRIKA KISAIKOLOJIA KUTOKANA NA TOHARA

Wakati mwingine ukeketaji huitwa "tohara ya mwanamke".
Inaweza kufanyika katika umri wowote na kwa sababu za kiutamaduni, za kidini au za kiganga. Mara nyingi desturi za kutahiri zinachanganya sababu za kidini na kiutamaduni. Kwa mfano, Waislamu wa Misri huamini ya kwamba wanatahiri watoto wao kama amri ya kidini lakini Wakristo Wakopti wa nchi hiyo hutahiri watoto vilevile. Ukweli ni kwamba tohara inajulikana ilikuwa desturi ya Wamisri tangu kale.
Tohara inafanyika hasa mara baada ya kuzaliwa kwa mtoto au wakati wa kubalehe.

HIZI NI KAMPENI ZA UKEKETAJI AMBAO UNAPEWA KIPAUMBELE NA JAMII NYINGI SAHA ZA VIJIJINI

Wanawake na wasichana wanaokaribia milioni 140 duniani kote wamefanyiwa FGM, kulingana na Shirika la Afya Ulimwenguni (WHO). Pia linakadiria kuwa wanawake wapatao 8,000 wako katika hatari ya kufanyiwa tohara kila siku.
Utekelezaji wa kitendo hicho unatofautiana kulingana na sababu kama vile historia ya kikabila ya mwathirika na mahali jumuiya yake inapatikana. Wasichana wa umri wa chini ya mwaka mmoja wanafanyiwa tohara na inatumika zaidi kwa wasichana wa hadi umri wa miaka 15.
Ikiwa inafanyika katika kile ambacho mashirika ya haki za binadamu inaita ‘’mazingira ya kutisha, mara nyingi inawahusisha wasichana waliotiwa hofu wakati waendeshaji wa tohara wa jadi wanatumia vitu vyenye ncha kali kama vile visu, viwembe au glasi zilizovunjika kufanyia tohara.
Kumekuwa na ushahidi kuwa madaktari na wafanyakazi wa hospitali wanashiriki katika baadhi ya matukio.
Kuna aina nne ya tohara kama ilivyogawanywa na WHO. Waris Dirie, mwanamitindo wa zamani wa Somalia ambaye pia ni mwathirika wa FGM na ambaye anaendesha shirika lake la kufanya kampeni dhidi ya FGM lenye makao yake Vienna, Austria, alisema kuwa pamoja na kwamba sheria zimepitishwa barani Ulaya kujaribu na kukomesha FGM mila hiyo inaenea kwa siri katika jumuiya.
Waris Dirie, mwanamitindo wa zamani wa Somalia ambaye pia ni mwathirika wa FGM na ambaye anaendesha shirika lake la kufanya kampeni dhidi ya FGM lenye makao yake Vienna, Austria, alisema kuwa pamoja na kwamba sheria zimepitishwa barani Ulaya kujaribu na kukomesha FGM mila hiyo inaenea kwa siri katika jumuiya.
HAYA NI MADHARA YA UKEKETAJI
1.INATEGEMEA SANA NA AINA YA UKEKETAJI ILA KIKAWAIDA KABISA MWANAMKE HAWEZI KUSIKIA RAHA WAKATI WA KUJAMIIANA
2. KAMA HAITOSHI TOHARA HIYO HAIFANYI KITAALAM NA INAWEZA KUSABABISHA DAMU NYINGI KUVUJA NA KUHATARISHA MAISHA YA MSICHANA
3. NI RAHISI SANA KUPATA MAGONJWA YA ZINAA KAMA UKIMWI NK, KWASABABU VIFAA VINATUMIKA KWA MTU ZAIDI YA MMOJA NA KWA WAKATI MMOJA AMA MDA MFUPI
4.INASABABISHA MATATIZO YA KISAIKOLOJIA MTOTO WA KIKE NA HII INAMPUNGUZIA FURSA YA KUFANYA VIZURI KATIKA MASOMO YA KE NK...

VIFAA VYA TOHARA HIYO HARAMU

       YAPO MENGI SNA KUHUSU KMAKALA HII KWA LEO NAISHIA HAPO NA WALE WALIONITUMIA EMAIL ZAO  NA MASWALI YAO NADHANI LEO NIMEJIBU YOTE KUPITIA MAIL ZAO
  SAY STEVEN ...




TCHAO..                                                      BAADHI YA PICHA ZIKO KIDOGO NJE YA MAADILI YA KITANZNIA NA KIAFRIKA KWA UJIMLA ILA TUVUMILIE ILI TUSOME...

HUYU NDIE HAYATI REMMY ONGALA NGULI WA MUZIKI AFRIKA NA DUNIA [ALIPOTOKA NA ALIPOFIKIA TAMATI]

Remmy Ongala (1947 - Desemba 13 2010) alikuwa mwanamuziki nchini Tanzania mwenye asili ya Zaire. Alizaliwa na jina la kiraia la Ramadhani Mtoro Ongala katika jimbo la Kivu la Kongo ya Kibelgiji.
Remmy Ongala pamoja na bendi yake ya Super Matimila, ni mashuhuri sana nchini Tanzania, na wamepiga muziki mara nyingi katika nchi za Ulaya na Marekani. Remmy Ongala kwa asili anatoka Zaire. Akiwa na umri wa miaka tisa mama yake alifariki, hivyo ikimbidi achukue jukumu la kutunza wadogo zake.
Akiwa na umri wa miaka 17, alikuwa muimbaji na mpiga ngoma katika bendi ya vijana ya Bantu Success. Hii haikuwa na maana kwa familia yake, hivyo Remmy ilimbidi atoke katika bendi. Miaka miwili baadaye, alijishughulisha tena na muziki. Alijiunga na vikundi mbalimbali vya bendi za muziki akiwa mpiga gitaa, baadhi yake zilikuwa Micky Jazz ya Zaire na Grand Mike Jazz ya huko Uganda. Mwaka 1978 alihamia Tanzania na kujiunga na bendi ya mjomba wake Ochestre Makassy ya jijini Dar es Salaam.
Mwaka 1981 alijiunga na bendi ya Matimila, ikiwa na wanamuziki 18 na ikimilikiwa na mfanya biashara mmoja. Baadaye alianzisha bendi yake ya Super Matimila na kuendeleza mtindo wa kutumia magitaa 3, besi, ngoma na tarumbeta aina ya saksafoni. Remmy Ongala alipiga muziki wake kwa mtindo wa Soukous, katika maumbile mapya kabisa kwa kutumia asili na jadi ya kitanzania. Akiimba kwa kiswahili, ushairi wake mzuri una tunzi zinazohusu siasa na pia maisha ya mtu wa kawaida. Kwa ajili ya uimbaji na utunzi wake wa kuliwaza, Remmy anaitwa “Dokta” na ni mtu anayejulikana sana katika sehemu za Sinza ambazo ni jirani na anakoishi yeye na mkewe mwingereza na watoto wao 5 na kasuku mmoja, nje kidogo ya jiji la Dar es Salaam.

WASIFU WAKE KWA UJUMLA

Jina la kuzaliwa	Ramadhani Mtoro Ongala
Amezaliwa	1947
Asili yake	Mzaire, Mtanzania
Amekufa	2010
Kazi yake	Mwimbaji
Ala	Sauti, Gitaa
Miaka ya kazi	mn. 1965 -
Ameshirikiana na	Virunga, Diblo Dibala, Orchestra Super Mazembe, Orchestra Makassy

japo kwa ufupi ila kamwe hatasahaulika hayati remmy ongala lakini pia ikumbukwe kuwa remmy aliwahi kuokoka na alitumikia kipindi chake cha kuokoka kwa kuhubiri injili na kuimba nyimbo nyingi za injili mpaka aliporipotiwa kufariki dunia tar 13/12/2010 mungu ailaze roho yake mahali pema pepeni
amina..
na steven mruma kwa msaada wa vyombo vingine vya habari duniani...

UFAHAMU UGONJWA WA TONSILS AMBAO UNAWAPATA WATU WENGI NA HAWAIJUI UNDANI WAKE

ni makala ya kingereza na unaweza ukaitafsiri ukipenda kwa kuielewa zaidi

 Tonsils and Tonsillectomy
What are tonsils and adenoids?  The tonsils are two clumps of tissue, on either side of the throat, embedded in a pocket at the side of the palate (roof of the mouth).  The lower edge of each tonsil is beside the tongue...way in the back of the throat.  The adenoids are a single clump of tissue in the back of the nose (nasopharynx).  They are located (in the adult) on the back wall of the throat (pharynx)...about one inch above the uvula (the little teardrop shaped piece of tissue that hangs down in the middle of the soft palate). 
What function do they serve?   Aren't they important?  The tonsils and the adenoids are mostly composed of lymphoid tissue, which is found thoughout the gastointestinal tract and on the base of the tongue.  Lymphoid tissue is composed of lymphocytes...which are mostly involved in antibody production.  Since we generally consider antibody production to be a good thing, many studies have been performed to try to clarify the importance of the tonsils.   There seems to be no adverse effect on the immune status or health of patients who have had them removed.  Any noticable effect has generally been positive. It appears that the tonsils and adenoids were not "designed" to effectively handle the multitude of viral infections that occur in children in an urban population.  Rather, the immune system, including the tonsils and adenoids, developed during a era where the child was rarely exposed to a large number of other people and the germs they carried.  It may also be that these organs are relatively more important in dealing with certain types of infections, such as worms or other parasites, that are relatively uncommon in today's society.  It is clear that in many cases, the tonsils and/or the adenoids become "dysfunctional" and are more of a liability than an asset.
How are tonsils removed?   There are many techniques used for tonsillectomy.  General anesthesia is usually employed; but it is possible to perform tonsillectomy with sedation and local anesthesia.  In the United States, some degree of electrocautery assisted dissection is most commonly employed, because of the ability to rapidly stop bleeding.  Some surgeons use very little cautery...with more bleeding, but with less burned tissue.   Use of lasers has been studied and considered by most surgeons.  We feel that laser use is primarily a marketing gimmack at this point, since it offers no apparent advantage over certain cautery techniques, and has some very real hazards and extra costs.
 and this is the type of tonsils you have to know...
1.Blockage of the throat...they are too big.
2.Chronic and recurrent tonsillitis...sore throats
3.White debris in the tonsils..."chronic cryptic tonsillitis".
4.Unusual enlargement or appearance.

UMUHIMU WA MAJI KATIKA MIILI YETU LAKINI BADO TUNALALAMIKA MAGONJWA MENGI WAKATI DAWA TUNAYO NA NI RAHISI [MAJI]

Maji ni hitajio la dharura kwa afya zetu, kwani asilimia 60 ya uzito wako ni maji na kila mfumo wa mwili wako hutegemea maji ili kufanya kazi zake. Ukosefu wa maji mwilini humfanya mtu akaukiwe na maji au dehydration, hali ambayo hutokea pale mtu asipokuwa na maji ya kutosha mwilini ya kuuwezesha mwili wake kufanya kazi zake za kawaida. Hata katika upungufu mdogo wa maji mwilini, wakati ambapo asilimia 1 hadi 2 ya uzito wa mwili inapopungua, huweza kumfanya mtu akose nguvu na ajisike amechoka. Miongoni mwa dalili za upungufu wa maji mwilini ni: • Kukihi kiu sana • Uchovu • Kichwa kuuma • Mdomo kukauka • Kukosa mkojo au kiasi cha mkojo kuwa kidogo. • Udhaifu wa misuli • Kuhisi kizunguzunguNi muhimu kujua kwamba mwili hupoteza maji kila siku kwa kutokwa na jasho, iwe jasho hilo umelihisi au haukulihisi, kutoa pumzi nje (exhaling), kukojoa na harakati ya tumbo. (bowel movement).
Ili mwili wako uweze kufanya kazi vizuri unahitajia kurudisha maji hayo mwilini kwa kunywa vinywaji mbalimbali na vyakula vyenye maji.
Wataalamu wengi wanakubaliana kuwa mwanadamu anahitajia kunywa vikombe 8 vya maji kwa siku, ili kufidia maji yanayopotae mwilini. Hata hivyo wengine wanashauri kwamba, wanaume wanywe vikombe 13 vya maji kwa siku na wanawake vikombe 8 vya maji, na hiyo ni kutokana na tofauti ya miili yao. Tunashauriwa kuwa badala ya kunywa maji kiholela tunywe kwa mpangilio maalum kwa siku, ili kusaidia vyema katika kazi za mwili. * Tunashauriwa kunywa vikombe viwili vya maji asubuhi pindi tunapoamka, kwani husaidia kuamsha viungo vya ndani ya mwili.* Tunashauri tunywe kikombe kikoja cha maji dakika 30 kabla ya mlo, kwani husaidia kupata choo vizuri.* Tunashuariwa tunywe kikombe kimoja cha maji kabla ya kwenda kuoga, husaisia kupunguza shikizo la damu.* Na tunashauriwa kunywa kikombe kimoja cha maji kabla ya kulala kwani kufanya hivyo huzuia shinikizo la moyo.