A VIETNAM WAR: THE HISTORY OF WAR.

 

What Was the Vietnam War?

The Vietnam War was the prolonged struggle between nationalist forces attempting to unify the country of Vietnam under a communist government and the United States (with the aid of the South Vietnamese) attempting to prevent the spread of communism. Engaged in a war that many viewed as having no way to win, U.S. leaders lost the American public's support for the war. Since the end of the war, the Vietnam War has become a benchmark for what not to do in all future U.S. foreign conflicts.

Dates of the Vietnam War: 1959 -- April 30, 1975

Also Known As: American War in Vietnam, Vietnam Conflict, Second Indochina War, War Against the Americans to Save the Nat

Overview of the Vietnam War:

Ho Chi Minh Comes Home

There had been fighting in Vietnam for decades before the Vietnam War began. The Vietnamese had suffered under French colonial rule for nearly six decades when Japan invaded portions of Vietnam in 1940. It was in 1941, when Vietnam had two foreign powers occupying them, that communist Vietnamese revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh arrived back in Vietnam after spending thirty years traveling the world.

Once Ho was back in Vietnam, he established a headquarters in a cave in northern Vietnam and established the Viet Minh, whose goal was to rid Vietnam of the French and Japanese occupiers. Having gained support for their cause in northern Vietnam, the Viet Minh announced the establishment of an independent Vietnam with a new government called the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on September 2, 1945. The French, however, were not willing to give up their colony so easily and fought back.

For years, Ho had tried to court the United States to support him against the French, including supplying the U.S. with military intelligence about the Japanese during World War II. Despite this aid, the United States was fully dedicated to their Cold War foreign policy of containment, which meant preventing the spread of Communism. This fear of the spread of Communism was heightened by the U.S. "domino theory," which stated that if one country in Southeast Asia fell to Communism then surrounding countries would also soon fall. To help prevent Vietnam from becoming a communist country, the U.S. decided to help France defeat Ho and his revolutionaries by sending the French military aid in 1950.

France Steps Out, U.S. Steps In

In 1954, after suffering a decisive defeat at Dien Bien Phu, the French decided to pull out of Vietnam. At the Geneva Conference of 1954, a number of nations met to determine how the French could peacefully withdraw. The agreement that came out of the conference (called the Geneva Accords) stipulated a cease fire for the peaceful withdrawal of French forces and the temporary division of Vietnam along the 17th parallel (which split the country into communist North Vietnam and non-communist South Vietnam). In addition, 

DO YOU KNOW THE HISTORY OF THE TITANIC?

White Star Line, an industry leader, wanted to revolutionize travel by building the finest and biggest luxury passenger ships in the world.
Designing the Titanic.


The RMS Titanic was one of three ships belonging to the Olympic-class of White Star Line vessels. In addition to the Titanic, there was the RMS Olympic and the RMS Britannic. Responding to growing competition, design for the Olympic-class liners began in 1907. The decision was made to focus on luxury and size rather than speed. Joseph Bruce Ismay, managing director of White Star Line, wanted to build a ship larger than any that had come before.

Construction of the Titanic.

Finding a location to begin construction of the Titanic ship was an engineering feat itself. Harland and Wolff, shipbuilders for White Star Line, had substantially revamped an existing shipyard to accommodate construction of the Olympic-class liners. Construction of the Titanic began on March 31, 1909.


It took approximately three years to complete construction of the 882 foot long and 92 foot wide vessel. Work on the ship was difficult and dangerous; eight people were killed and nearly 250 injured. The Titanic was launched May 31, 1911 but was not fully fitted and ready for service until spring of 1912. Displacing 52,310 tons, the RMS Titanic was the largest passenger ship in the world.

A Modern Marvel.

Inspired by the technological innovations of the industrial revolution, White Star Line wanted the Titanic to epitomize modern technology, engineering, safety and luxury. The ship featured electric lights, elevators and heaters. Guests could relax in a Turkish bath or spend their time playing tennis, swimming or exercising in the on-board gym.

Despite its disastrous sinking, engineers had designed the Titanic ship with safety as a top priority. The ship featured a double steel hull and 16 separate compartments capable of being sealed off from one another in the event of an emergency. The Titanic was also capable of carrying 64 lifeboats. However, in a fateful decision, White Star Line chose only to carry 16. This, combined with collapsible lifeboats, met the requirements of an outdated law mandating enough lifeboats for only 75 percent of the ship's passenger capacity.
The Maiden Voyage of the RMS Titanic.
 
On April 10, 1912, the Titanic set out for New York City from Southampton, England. White Star Line highly publicized the Titanic's maiden voyage. They went so far as to call the ship “unsinkable.” The promotion campaign attracted many prominent members of British and American society including nobility and wealthy industrialists. After two stops, one in France and one Ireland. The Titanic began its transatlantic crossing with 2,216 passengers.

The Night of April 14.

The history of the Titanic was forever altered when the ship struck an iceberg on April 14, 1912. Having received iceberg warnings via wireless telegraph, Captain Edward Smith altered the ship's course. However, the radio operators were more concerned with relaying private messages to passengers than passing along updated iceberg warnings to the bridge. At approximately 11:40 p.m., lookouts spotted an iceberg directly in the path of the ship. Evasive action was taken in an attempt to avoid the collision. A sharp turn to the port side was ordered, and the iceberg struck the ship on the right side damaging the hull. Captain Smith ordered a full stop to assess the damage. Initially, only five compartments were flooded, and the watertight doors had been closed to prevent additional flooding. However, water was able to flow over the top of bulkheads and in through normal openings causing two more compartments to flood. It quickly became obvious the Titanic would sink.

Evacuating the Ship.

The first lifeboat was lowered about an hour after the collision. It had a 65 person capacity; only 19 were aboard. Tragically, many of the lifeboats were launched far under capacity. This is attributable to several factors. Assured by the still working electricity and seeming calm, many passengers didn't think the ship was sinking. In addition, many of the third class passengers became lost or trapped in the ship and didn't make it to the lifeboats. Due to a women and children first rule, many men did not board lifeboats despite there being space.

Radio operators broadcasted distress signals, but the RMS Carpathia, the closest ship, was four hours away. All but two lifeboats were successfully launched. Eventually, the Titanic split and was completely sunk by 2:20 a.m. Roughly four hours after receiving the distress call, the Carpathia arrived and began rescue efforts. More than 1,500 people died.Discovery of the Wreckage. The full history of the Titanic would not be known for decades. The wreckage was discovered September 1, 1985 through a combined American and French effort. Researchers learned much of what actually caused the “unsinkable” Titanic's tragic end.

Public interest in the history of Titanic persists to this day. Perhaps the fascination stems from the arrogance of the ship's designers or from the significance of such an impressive ship during a cultural and technological transition. Whatever the case, the history of the Titanic continues to captivate both historians and popular culture a century later.

Titanic mistake

RMS Titanic was a ship deemed unsinkable, yet four days into her maiden voyage, the “unsinkable” ship collided with an iceberg. She went to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean and 1,517 people died. Despite

 formal inquiries and much informal speculation, a definitive cause for the collision has never been identified.

Number of mistakes.

There is no question that a number of mistakes contributed to the sinking of the Titanic. Captain E. J. Smith was sailing his retirement voyage as the Titanic was making her maiden trip. Smith reportedly did not give orders to slow the ship despite reports of icebergs in the water, a common practice at the time. Smith also ignored or discounted a total of seven iceberg warnings from other ships and his own crew. J. Bruce Ismay, the Managing Director of Titanic’s parent corporation, the White Star Line, was on board the ship. Some people have speculated that Ismay put pressure on Smith to maintain speed as the White Star Line wanted to prove it could make a six-day crossing.

Mistakes during the build of the Titanic.

Another mistake, or perhaps a deliberate action, occurred during the building process. Substandard iron was used in the rivets holding the iron plates of the ship. The collision with the iceberg sheared the rivets and caused many sections of the ship to buckle. Yet another mistake lay in the height of the watertight compartments, which did not reach as high as they should have because the increased height would have cut into the living quarters of the first class compartments. Aside from the actual sinking, the ship carried only enough lifeboats for about one-third of the passengers and crew, which undoubtedly led to increased loss of life.

Mistakes by other vessels.

Not all the mistakes were made by people directly connected with the Titanic. Another ship, the Californian, had stopped for the night only 19 miles from the doomed ship. When the Titanic fired distress rockets, the Californian’s captain, Stanley Lord, decided the rockets were being fired because the Titanic was partying. The Californian’s radio had been turned off, and she missed the Titanic’s distress call; had the radio been on, the Californian should have been able to save all the passengers.
Close to a century after the Titanic went down, yet another possible mistake surfaced. The granddaughter of senior officer Charles Lightoller claimed the man at the wheel of the Titanic either did not hear an order or responded incorrectly; he turned right instead of left, putting the ship on a collision course with the iceberg. Louise Patten says her grandfather -- who survived the sinking -- lied about the mistake to prevent lawsuits against his employers and to protect his job. Patten also says that the chairman of the White Star Line ordered the ship to continue sailing on its intended course to reach land, in the hope of avoiding negative publicity, which may have increased the amount of water flowing into the ship. If what Patten says is true, despite all the other errors, in the end it may have been a simple misunderstanding that led to a titanic mistake.

The Sinking of the Titanic

1912 sinking of titanic

The sinking of the Titanic is one of the most talked about events of the twentieth century. Yet what really happened on that dreadful night in 1912? Here we will look at the events immediately leading up to and during the sinking of this massive ship.

TOURISM IN TANZANIA THE MAGIC SITE AND PARKS.

    

Tanzania is truly a safari destination without peer. The statistics speak for themselves: an unparalleled one-quarter of its surface area has been set aside for conservation purposes, from the world-renowned Serengeti National Park and the incomprehensibly vast Selous Game Reserve to the tiny Arusha National Park, Tanzania’s wildlife resources represent a rich mosaic of protected areas that collectively harbour an estimated 20 percent of Africa’s large mammal population.

And yet there is more to Tanzania than just safaris. There is Mount Kilimanjaro and Meru, respectively the highest and fifth highest peaks on the continent for mountain climbers, the Udzungwa and Usambara ranges for hikers, Lake Victoria (Africa’s largest lake), Tanganyika (Africa’s deepest lake) and Nyasa (located along Africa’s Great Rift Valley).

These three largest freshwater bodies in Africa are ideal spots for watersports and fishing enthusiasts.

The magical ‘spice island’ of Zanzibar is gem nestled on the vast Indian Ocean coastline, studded with picture perfect beaches, stunning offshore diving sites, and mysterious mediaeval ruins for the romantic at heart, the history buff and the culture enthusiast.

Ngorongoro Conservation Area (Ngorongoro Crater)

 

Referred to as the 8th Wonder of the world, the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in northern Tanzania stretches across some 8,300 sq km and is a unique blend of landscapes, wildlife, people and archaeology, unsurpassed in Africa.

The Ngorongoro Crater

Rhino in the Ngorongoro crater

Host to a pioneering experiment in multiple land use, pastoralism, conservation and tourism co-exist in carefully managed harmony.

The centrepiece of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area is the breathtaking Ngorongoro Crater, which is a caldera. Ngorongoro area is also home to the famous Maasai.

It provides a natural sanctuary for thousands of animals and many species of insects and birds. Lush highlands surround the Crater, falling away to the tawny plains and alkaline lakes of the Great Rift Valley.

The sheer magnificence of the area captivates the mind and whets the appetite for more, a perfect kickoff point for any visitors’ journey into Tanzania.

Selous Game Reserve

The largest protected wildlife area in Africa, larger in size than Switzerland, the Selous Game Reserve boasts the largest population of elephants as well as large numbers of lions, leopards, rare African wild dogs, buffalos and hippos.

Hippos in tthe Selous Game Reserve

No where else than the Serengeti National Park, will visitors see a greater concentration of wildlife the Selous Game Reserve

Well-watered, Selous is also home to the ferocious yet attractive tiger fish and vandu catfish, the latter equipped with a primitive set of lungs which allows it to migrate from one landlocked pool to another.

Saadani National Park

Tanzania’s first coastal wildlife sanctuary, Saadani hosts a wide variety of small game, extensive bird life, bottle nose dolphins, whales and a valuable green turtle breeding ground at Madete Beach.

Wami River across Saadani National Park

Surrounded by one of the oldest fishing communities on the East African Coast, its pristine white sands and blue waters provide an idyllic and restful setting for the weary traveller.

Manyara National Park

Lake Manyara National Park

Lion climbing trees in the lake Manyara National Park

Stretching for 50 km along the base of the rusty 600 metre high Rift Valley escarpment, the park is home to the scenic gem, Lake Manyara extolled by Hemingway as ‘the loveliest I had ever seen in Africa’.

The park is a sanctuary to over 400 species of birds including the pink flamingo, sacred ibis and Egyptian geese; huge herds of buffalo and elephant and numerous hippopotamus, fondly referred to as ‘water cattle’. Manyara is also home to unique tree climbing lions.

Serengeti National Park

Arguably the best known wildlife sanctuary in the world “Serengeti” which means “endless plains” in the Maasai language, is home to an unparalleled smorgasbord of wildlife, flora and fauna, more than three million mammals can be found at one time in the Serengeti.

Wilderbeasts in the Serengeti national park

The most spectacular sight in the Serengeti is the Wildebeest migration. Imagine a 1,000 km (600 mile) frenzied migration of millions of wildebeest and zebra, each one driven by an ancient instinct to migrate north in search of fresh pastures and to mate.

Envision a replenishing of the species in a brief population explosion of 8,000 calves daily, imagine over 100,000 animals scrambling to cross a crocodile infested river, its banks lined with predators primed for the hunt, imagine the carnage and the fight for survival. A must see sight, the Serengeti migration elucidates like no other spectacle, the Darwinian theory of Survival of the fittest. A novel way of seeing the Serengeti, from the air, by hot air balloon, is an opportunity not to be missed.

Mount Kilimanjaro National Park

Described by Ernest Hemingway as the roof of Africa and “as wide as all the world, great, high and unbelievably white.” Mount Kilimanjaro stands in isolated glory, the tallest free-standing mountain in the world at 5,895m.

Three majestic peaks Shira in the west, Mawenzi in the East and the snow capped Kibo in the centre provide ample challenge for mountain climbers and adventurers.

With a wide variance in climates, from tropical; where lush rainforests exist that are home to elusive elephant, leopard, buffalo, bushbuck, the endangered Abbott’s duiker, and numerous other small antelopes, primates and rodents; to heather and open moorland where giant lobelia and huge, cactus-like groundsel grow; moorland to an almost lunar landscape of an alpine desert stretching closer to the peaks of the mountain where herds of eland thrive. A fine example of co-existing contrasts, the Kilimanjaro National Park has everything for everybody. ( news of Mount Kilimanjaro in detail looking at this blog News Archive )

There are so many tourist centers as follows and you would also know about the details in all contact centers so I centers are Ngorongoro Conservation Area (Ngorongoro ...

     Selous Game Reserve
     Mkomazi Game Reserve 

     Saadani National Park 

     Rubondo Island National Park 

    Whale Mountains National Park
     Kitulo Plateau National Park 

     Katavi National Park
    Gombe Stream National Park 

     Udzungwa National Park
     Ruaha National Park
     Mikumi National Park
     Tarangire National Park
     Serengeti National Park
     Mount Kilimanjaro National Park
     Manyara National Park
     Arusha National Park

there is also a very unique place where you can visit and you feel that this is a completely different world, for example

Usambara Mountains

 

This little known mountain range is one of the gems of Tanzania. Located to the west of the coastal town of Tanga, the Usambaras offer incredible natural biodiversity, great hiking opportunities and a bird-watching paradise.

Usambara Mountains, with Irente viewpoint on top

Waterfalls in Usambara Mountains

Usambara Forest

Irente Viewpoint: From this famous viewpoint you can see the village of Mazinde almost 1000 meters below the vast Maasai plains beyond. On the return trip to Lushoto you can visit the Irente Farm cheese factory and the royal village of Kwembago . You can enjoy a whole meal picnic at Irente Farm.

Usambara Farm and Flora Tour: This walk takes you trough the fertile farmlands of Jaegertal to a fruit tree nursery where you can learn about different varieties of fruit trees and their propagation. You can continue uphill to the village of Vuli to learn about local soil conservation, irrigation projects and farming methods. You can return to Lushoto via the Arboretum.

Growing Rock: From Soni you walk to the top of Kwamongo Mountains Peak , famous for its multicoloured butterflies, via the villages of Shashui and Kwemula. From Kwamongo you have views of Soni, Lushoto and the Handeni Plains. You descend to the village of Magila at the foot of the "Growing Rock" to visit a soil conservation project and learn why the rock is growing.

Magamba Rainforest: This tour begins with an uphill walk from Lushoto to the royal village of Kwembago , where you can learn about the cultural history of the traditional ruling clan, the Kilindi. From Kwembago you have a beautiful view over Lushoto and the Maasai plains. You proceed to the lush Magamba rainforest, home of black and white colored monkeys. The return to Lushoto passes via the old German Middle School and the village of Magamba

specific features of tourism in Tanzania is almost completed after conducting an analysis

specific features of tourism in Tanzania is almost completed after conducting an analysis of reviews is ready this is a very small beginnings do not miss the great wonders of Tanzania through this important article of tourism .. stay ready.....................

Tanzania, a country endowed with abundant wildlife, great and unique natural features, friendly and hospitable people and a superb climate, has gradually become a favorite destination for international tourism.

Tanzania embodies all the attractions of Africa. With 14 National parks, numerous Games and Forest Reserves taking 38% of its landmass, it is truly a Garden of Eden on this earth; hence it invoked awe to many international tourists. From the fabled snow-capped highest free standing mountain in the world – Kilimanjaro, Game Park, historical and archaeological sites to virgin unspoilt beaches, the country has made positive gains in its approach to low impact/high yield sustainable tourism policy. This has led to the protection of environment from irreversible damage while at the same time creating a top-class Eco-tourism destination.

Given improved services in the tourism industry, the visitor can enjoy all the comforts and amenities of modern life, making the adventure of exploration to Tanzania, comfortable, enjoyable and extremely rewarding. There are so many ways to enjoy what our country offers that will make visitors never regret.

Following government’s liberalization policy, The National Tourism Policy was reviewed in 1999. The policy has clearly slept out vital and key essential elements that are aimed at promoting the country’s tourism industry by optimizing the private sector. The government will only play a regulatory role in policy formulation monitoring, regulating and collection of government revenue derived from the industry.

The policy also charts out the need for creation of new tourist products where the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism is now promoting the North Eastern Zone, Coastal Belt, Southern and Southern Highlands Zones as well as the southern extensive beaches along the Indian Ocean for investment. Emphasis is also placed on cultural tourism, which is now rapidly picking up water sports, historical and archaeological sites. Conference tourism is another new product being targeted.

To be continue......................... soon.

HABARI ZA MICHEZO ZA WIKI: AFRIKA MAJONZI, ULAYA CHEREKO. R.I.P. Mafisango Halaaa Chelsea.

                  
wakati hali ya tanzania ikiwa ni majonzi huko ulaya hali ya furaha imewatala mashabiki pamoja na timu nzima ya chelsea baada ya kufanikiwa kwa mara ya kwanza kutwaa taji la Uefa C. league baada ya kuizamisha Bayern Munich kwa Penalt 4 KWA 3 baada ya dakika 120 kumalizikwa kwa sare ya 1 kwa 1 baada ya Didier Drogba kusawazisha bao dakika ya 88. chelsea ni mara yake ya kwanza kutwaa taji hili huku kikosi hicho kikikikabiliwa na matatizo mengi sana ikiwamo ya kumtimua aliekuwa kocha wa timu hiyo Vilas Boas na kushilkiliwa na kocha msaidizi Di mateo na bado ikionekana kama si kitu lakini imedhihirishia ulimwengu kuwa ni moto wa kuotea mbali.


Mnamo tarehe 17 mwezi huu mchezo wa soka ulikumbwa na giza nene na simanzi kubwa baada ya kutokea kifo cha ghafra cha aliyekuwa mchezaji wa simba kiungo mahiri Patrick Muttesa Mafisango kilichotokea kwa ajali ya Gari maeneo ya chang'mbe jijini dar-es- salam mafisango ambeye amezikwa jana huko kwao kongo kinshasa amekumbwa na umauti siku chache kabla ya kuondoka yeye na Niyonzima Kuelekea kwa Rwanda katika timu ya Taifa aliyokuwa akiichezea kama timu yake ya taifa japo kuwa ni mzaliwa wa kongo. nikiwa katika pilikapilika za kazi na mambo mengine nilishtushwa sana na taarifa za msiba huo nilikuwa mbali na kwakweli ilipunguza hata ufanisi wa nlichokuwa nakifanya... alale pema peponi Petii mkambo Mutesa Mafisango..