KRISMASI SIKUKUU AMBAYO INAHISTORIA NDEFU SANA NA INAYOPEWA NAFASI KUBWA NA WAUMINI WA KIKRISTO DUNIANI..

NA HII NI HISTORIA FUPI YA SIKUU YA KRISMASI WAPI HASA ILIPOANZIA NA ILITOKANA NA NINI...

Krismasi

Krismasi (pia Noeli) ni sikukuu ambako Wakristo husheherekea kuzaliwa kwake Yesu Kristo zaidi ya miaka 2000 iliyopita. Kwa kawaida husheherekewa tarehe 25 Desemba katika Ukristo wa magharibi na tarehe 6 Januari katika ule wa mashariki  halisi ya kuzaliwa kwake Yesu haijulikani kwa sababu utamaduni wa Wayahudi wa wakati ule haukuwa na sherehe au kumbukumbu ya siku ya kuzaliwa.
Lakini baadaye Ukristo ulienea katika Dola la Roma na kati ya mataifa yaliyokuwa na kawaida ya kuzingatia siku ya kuzaliwa. Hivyo ilijitokeza hamu ya kusheherekea pia sikukuu ya kuzaliwa kwake Kristo. Ndiyo asili ya Sikukuu ya Krismasi.
Tangu mwanzo wa karne ya 3 BK kuna kumbukumbu ya waandishi mbalimbali waliojadili tarehe ya kuzaliwa kwake Yesu Kristo.
Habari za kwanza kabisa za makadirio ya tarehe ya kuzaliwa kwake Yesu zinapatikana kutoka Misri mnamo mwaka 200. Mwandishi Mkristo Klemens wa Alexandria (kitabu cha Stromateis I, xxi) alilalamikia udadisi wa wataalamu kadhaa wa Misri waliodai kwamba wamekadiria tarehe hiyo katika mwezi Mei, wengine katika Aprili. Alisema pia kuwa kikundi cha Kikristo cha wafuasi wa Basilides huko Misri walisheherekea Epifania pamoja na kuzaliwa kwake Yesu tarehe 6 Januari.
Labda kadirio la tarehe ya Desemba 25 pia lina asili katika Misri. Kuanzia mwaka 200 (kwa mara ya kwanza katika maandishi ya Sixtus Julius Africanus) tunasikia kwamba wataalamu wa Misri walifikiri tarehe 25 Machi ilikuwa tarehe ya kufa kwake Kristo na pia siku ya kuzaliwa kwake. Kwa kuongeza miezi tisa ya mimba inajitokeza 25 Desemba kama tarehe ya kuzaliwa.
Inaonekana tarehe 25 Desemba ilijitokeza wakati huo. Kuna taarifa ya mwaka 204 kutoka Ipolito wa Roma kwamba tarehe 25 Desemba ilikuwa sikukuu ya kuzaliwa kwake Yesu Kristo.
Wataalamu mbalimbali walidai kwamba Kanisa lilipachika sikukuu ya Kristo kwenye tarehe hiyo kwa nia ya kuchukua nafasi ya sikukuu ya jua kama mungu "Sol invictus". Lakini pengine mambo yalikwenda kinyume, yaani kwamba Makaisari walianzisha sikukuu hiyo halafu wakaipanga tarehe ya Krismasi ili kushindana na Ukristo uliokuwa bado chini ya dhuluma.
Aliyeingiza sikukuu ya Kuzaliwa Jua (Mitra) huko Roma ni Eliogabalus (kaisari kuanzia 218 hadi 222). Baadaye Aurelianus akaithibitisha rasmi mwaka 273, hatimate ikahamishiwa tarehe 25 Desemba. Wakati wa Licinius (308-324) sikukuu hiyo ilikuwa ikiadhimishwa bado tarehe 19 Desemba. (Taz. maandishi yaliyotajwa na Allan S. Hoey katika ukurasa 480 (rejeo 128) wa Official Policy towards Oriental Cults in the Roman Army, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association (70) 1939, pp 456-481).
Kutoka Roma, uliokuwa mji mkuu wa Dola la Roma, sherehe ya 25 Desemba ilienea kote katika Ukristo.

Wakristo wengi husheherekea tarehe 25 Desemba (Wakatoliki, Waprotestanti, sehemu ya Waorthodoksi). Kati ya Waorthodoksi kuna tarehe nyingine, hasa 6 Januari kutokana na tofauti katika kalenda 

Habari za Krismasi katika Korani

Korani pia ina habari za kuzaliwa kwake Yesu (nabii Isa).
Sura ya tatu (Al Imran, 42-47) ina habari za tangazo la malaika kwa Bikira Mariamu zinazofanana na Luka 1.
Sura ya 19 (Mariamu, 16-34) inarudia tangazo la malaika kwa Mariamu na inasimulia kuzaliwa kwake Yesu chini ya mti wa mtende, halafu majadiliano kati ya Mariamu na ndugu zake. Mtoto mchanga Yesu akaanza kusema wakati wa kuzaliwa akimtetea mama yake dhidi ya ndugu zake. 
makala hii fupi kupitia vyanzo mbalimbali imehaririwa na steven mruma..

CHRISTMASS INAKUJA JE WAJUA HISTORIA YAKE? KAMA ULIKUA BADO KUA NAMI IKO NJIANI

kwa ufupi sana hii ni sherehe ambayo huadhimishwa kila desemba 25 na inamana kua yesu kristo kwa wakristo amezaliwa...

Christmas
Christmas decorations on display.
Also called	Christ's Mass Nativity Noel Feast of the Nativity
Observed by	Christians Many non-Christians[1]
Type	Christian, cultural
Significance	Traditional birthday of Jesus
Date	December 25 January 6 (in Armenia) January 7[2] (in a minority of Eastern Orthodox churches)
Observances	Gift giving, church services, family and other social gatherings, symbolic decorating
Related to	Annunciation, Advent, Epiphany, Baptism of the Lord

sasa subiria habari kamili
na steven..

MFAHAMU KWA UFUPI RAPA WA WEST COST ANAETIKISA HADI LEO SNOOP DOGGY

Cordozar Calvin Broadus, Jr

HAPA NI HISTORIA YAKE KWA UFUPI HASA ALIPOTOKEA

Snoop Doggy

Cordozar Calvin Broadus, Jr (amezaliwa, 20 Oktoba 1971) ni Rapa wa kimarekani na pia muigazaji wa filamu. Alipata umaarufu kama Snoop Dogg, mwanzoni walikuwa wakimuita Snoop Dogg Doggy.

SNOOP DOGGY

Akiwa anawakilisha kikosi cha West Coast Hip Hop, pamoja na mshirika wake wa karibu bwana Dr. Dre ambaye ndiye aliyesababisha Snoop kuwa hapo alipofikia. Snoop kuna misemo yake ambayo imezoleka sana midomoni mwa watu vile akisema 'fo' Shizzle, manizzle, akimanisha, kweli ndugu yangu, useme huo ulibuniwa na mwanamuziki mmoja wa huko huko nchini marekani maarufu kama Frank Smith & the Band, mnamo miaka ya 80 hivi

  Maisha ya Mwanzo

Snoop alizaliwa mjini Long Beach, California tar. 20 Oktoba 1971. Akiwa bwana mdogo alipata jina la Snoop ambalo alipewa na mama yake mzazi kama jina la utani kwakuwa alikuwa anapenda kutazama kipindi cha televisheni kilichokuwa kinaitwa "Peanuts", kipindi ambacho kiliegemea kwenye masuala ya "Ucheshi", likiwemo na jina fulani la Snoop Dogg.
Snoop ajiunga na shule ya Long Beach Polytechnic High School, na baadae akapelekwa jela kwa kujishughulisha na maswala ya uuzaji na utumiaji wa madawa ya kulevya. Snoop pia alikuwa mmoja wa wanachama wa kikundi kidogo cha kihuni kilichokuwa kinaongozwa na "Bow Keene Mundine" ndani ya Long Beach.

Jina la Kiraia	Cordozar Calvin Broadus, Jr
Jina la kisanii	Snoop Doggy Dogg The D O Double G Bigg Snoop Dogg Tha Bigg Boss Dogg
Nchi	Long Beach, California, Marekani
Alizaliwa	20 Oktoba, 1971
Aina ya muziki	Rap na Hip Hop
Kazi yake	Mwanamuziki, Muigizaji, Mtayarishaji
Miaka ya kazi	mn. 1992 -
Ameshirikiana na	Dr. Dre, 213, Ray J, Brandy, Tha Dogg Pound, Tha Eastsidaz, Ice Cube, Xzibit, The Game, 50 Cent, Warren G, Nate Dogg
Ala	Sauti, Gita,Kinanda,Kinakilishi
Kampuni	Death Row, Interscope, Universal, No Limit, Priority, TVT, EMI, Star Trak, Geffen, Doggystyle

kupatwa kwa mwezi na jua [solar and lunar eclipse] matukio ya kawaida sasa duniani

leo itatokea kupatwa kwa mwezi usiku na hili ni kutoka kwa watbiri wa hali ya hewa 

 katika habari za kitabiri leo jumatatu kutatokea kupatwa kwa mwezi na hii imenifanya nikumbushie matukio haya ambyo yalitabiriwa kama ndio dalili za mwisho wa dunia na hali hii ya kupatwa kwamwezi ni yakawaida kabisa hapa duniani...

Kupatwa kwa jua kunatokea wakati mwezi unafunika jua. Tokeo lake ni kupungua kwa jua hadi kutoonekana tena na kufika kwa giza wakati wa mchana. Muda wa kufunikwa kabisa ni dakika chache tu.  Misingi ya kupatwa kwa jua
Kupatwa kwa jua kunatokea kama dunia, mwezi na jua zinakaa kwenye mstari mmoja mnyoofu yaani wakati mwezi unapita kati ya dunia na jua. Katika hali hiyo kuna kivuli cha mwezi kwenye uso wa dunia. Kivuli hiki hakifuniki dunia yote. Kwa hiyo kupatwa kwa jua kunaonekana kwa watu wengi kama kupungua kwa mwanga wa jua             
Aina za kupatwa kwa jua
Kuna aina mbalimbali za kupatwa kwa jua.

• kupatwa kabisa: jua lapotea kabisa kwa dakika chache. Hali hii yaonekana kwenye kanda nyembamba duniani kinapopita kitovu cha kivuli.
• kupatwa kipete: mwezi huonekana mdogo kuloko jua. Kwa hiyo duara ya kung'aa ya jua ni kubwa kuliko duara ya mwezi na mwanga wa jua waonekana kama pete.
• kupatwa kwa jua kisehemu: Katika eneo kubwa la kivuli cha kando watu hona upungufu wa mwanga; kiasi chake hutegemea umbali na kitovu cha kivuli. Wakitazama jua kwa filta kwa mfano kioo kilichopakwa dohani katika moshi ya mshumaa huwa wanaona sehemu ya duara ya jua imefunikwa. 

KUPATWA KWA MWEZI
H hutyokea pale dunia inapokua katikati ya jua na mwezi na kufanya mwezi ushindwe kuakisi mwanga kutoka kwenye jua ikumbukwe kua mwezi hupata ama huakisis mwanga wake kutoka kwenye jua sasa dunia inapokua katikati mwanga wa jua haufiki katika mwezi na kusababisha mwezi kua na giza na hii haichukui muda mrefu kisha hali huwa kama kawaida na matukio haya hutokea mara kwa mara sasa duniani na limekua kama jambo la kawaida kabisa

UNDERSTAND 5 [FIVE] VALUE OF LIFE TO LEAD YOU LIFE WELL.

There are so many but today you have to learn only five main value of life

Economic approaches to valuation

The value of a statistical life is most commonly determined by looking at a person's willingness to pay or willingness to accept. Willingness to pay can be found by asking a person how much they would be willing to pay for good health outcomes (or to reduce bad health outcomes). It can also be determined by looking at a person's purchasing choices. An example would be looking at how much more a person would be willing to pay for airbags in his/her car. To determine willingness to pay one would look at the change in the price that occurs because of the added airbags and divide that by the change in the risk of death. Willingness to accept is determined by looking at how much more you would have to pay someone to put them in a position where they are more likely to have bad health outcomes. This could be seen by changing a person's location from a less polluted city to a more polluted city and looking at the difference in wages between the two areas.

An Alternative Model

is better to die when you trying.

An opposing view to the "willingness to pay" model follows. For all practical purposes, a "willingness to pay" model assumes that each individual is able to pay in cash or trade the pledged monetary value of what they are willing to pay for the life in question. However, a "willingness to pay" model is not useful in estimating the cost of a human life for minors, terminally sick people, incarcerated people, and more importantly in the event of a terrorist or environmental hazard. This is because the "willingness to pay" model accepts a subjective appraisal of a human life made by the person who was given a hypothetical situation which implies that they have a greater amount of financial resources than they do in actuality, because the calculation is not based on their actual ability to pay at the moment, but what they think they would pay and some normalization and averaging of their spending habits over a period of time.
Additionally, this method is not applicable when estimating anyone under 18, because clearly they do not meet the criteria required by the "willingness to pay" model.

A practical example of a baseline model

remember time is very importance to you dont waste a time

This example monetizes the life of an 18 year old individual which for the purposes of this exercise shall be referred to as a Consumer Unit (CU). Assumptions and known data:

1. Family Income
2. Family Size
3. Limited educational background data

The CU is an 18 year old non college bound individual who was produced in a two income household without siblings. The combined family income over the lifetime of the CU is inflation and tax bracket adjusted. The income is divided by the total number of family members (3) which yields the CU’s estimated Monetary Value. Future value is not considered since this method assigns a zero value if the CU is damaged or destroyed.

Uses

how do you use you income.

Since resources are finite, tradeoffs are inevitable, even regarding potential life-or-death decisions. The assignment of a value to individual life is one possible approach to attempting to make rational decisions about these tradeoffs.
When deciding on the appropriate level of healthcare spending, a typical method is to equate the marginal cost of the healthcare to the marginal benefits received. In order to obtain a marginal benefit amount, some estimation of the dollar value of life is required.
In risk management activities such as in the areas of workplace safety, and insurance, it is often useful to put a precise economic value on a given life. There can be no such thing as a perfectly safe or risk free system—one can always make a system safer by spending more money. However, there are diminishing returns involved.
In transportation modes it is very important to consider the external cost that is paid by the society but is not calculated, for making it more sustainable.

Criticisms

There are also intergenerational aspects to the value of life. Some economists calculate social discount rates based on the interest rates prevalent in financial markets. The higher the social discount rate, the more future generations are devalued relative to the current generation.
The anti-globalization movement objects to the obvious disparity between the value assigned to life in developed nations versus developing nations—most particularly as reflected in World Bank, WTO, and IMF decisions. They point to such numbers as the IPCC assumption that a developed nation can pay fifteen times more than a developing nation to avert a death due to climate change, as evidence of systematic neglect of the value of statistical life in the poorer South, as opposed to the more developed North. Some also fear that more standard global value of life mechanisms could have consequences for the working people in the developed nations.

you dont live with bad luck try

A few also debate as to whether animal life deserves to have a value assigned to it, such as in the field of biodiversity. A moral argument associated with this is the Great Ape personhood debate, which has become especially poignant since the recent advocacy by some scientists to move the two chimpanzee species into the genus Homo (previously it was considered a hominid).